A region, as specified by regioni.it, is considered more or less “virtuous” based on the ratio between actual photovoltaic production and expected photovoltaic production, where the expected production is estimated using the official measurement tool PVGIS (Photovoltaic Geographical Information System).

The study, conducted on a sample of 5,236 photovoltaic systems across 17 Italian regions, identifies the Valle d’Aosta as the most virtuous region, with 960,391 kWh actually produced and an expected production, according to PVGIS measurement, of 1,011,502 kWh, resulting in a ratio of 95% between actual and expected production. The second place goes to Emilia-Romagna, with 37,939,525 kWh produced and 43,840,630 kWh expected (87% ratio), while the third place is held by Piedmont, with 139,917,414 kWh produced and 162,741,031 kWh expected (86% ratio), though it ranks first in terms of kWh produced from photovoltaics.

There are then three regions with an 85% ratio: Abruzzo, with 20,100,052 kWh produced and 23,625,127 kWh expected; Liguria, with 5,187,522 kWh produced and 6,108,499 kWh expected; and Lombardy, which is second in photovoltaic production with 66,305,239 kWh produced and 78,089,977 kWh expected. Following is Veneto, with 49,221,066 kWh produced and 58,691,563 kWh expected (84% ratio), making it the third region in Italy for production. Marche, with 20,328,123 kWh produced and 24,622,400 kWh expected (83% ratio), precedes Tuscany, with 5,830,869 kWh produced and 7,263,032 kWh expected (80% ratio).